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naval ram
A ram was a weapon carried by varied types of ships, dating back to antiquity. The weapon comprised an underwater prolongation of the bow of the ship to form an armoured beak, usually between six and 12 feet (2–4 m) in length. This would be driven into the hull of an enemy ship in order to puncture the hull and sink, or at least disable, that ship.
==Ancient rams==
The ram was a naval weapon in the Greek/Roman antiquity and was used in such naval battles as Salamis〔Lazenby, J.F. ''The Defence of Greece 490–479 BC''. Aris & Phillips Ltd., 1993 (ISBN 0-85668-591-7); pp. 34-37.〕 and Actium. Naval warfare in the Mediterranean rarely used sails, and the use of rams specifically required oarsmen over sails in order to maneuver with accuracy and speed, and particularly to reverse the movement of a ramming ship to disentangle it from its sinking victim, lest it be pulled down when its victim sank. The Athenians were especially known for their diekplus and periplus tactics that disabled enemy ships with speed and ramming techniques.〔Coates, J., J. Morrison, and N. Rankov. ''The Athenian Trireme: The History and Reconstruction of an Ancient Greek Warship''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000〕
Rams were first recorded in use at the battle of Alalia in 535 BC.〔Morrison, Coates & Rankov (2000), pp. 27-30〕 There is evidence available to suggest that it existed much earlier, probably even before the 8th century BC. They appear first on stylized images found on Greek pottery and jewelry and on Assyrian reliefs and paintings.〔Casson, L. "The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times." Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991; pp. 76-77.〕 The ram most likely evolved from cutwaters, structures designed to support the keel-stem joint and allow for greater speed and dynamism in the water.〔Mark, Samuel. "The Earliest Naval Ram." ''International Journal of Nautical Archaeology'' 37:253-272, March 2008.〕
Many other historical vessels were used as rams, such as the Korean Turtle ship.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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